Quick Revision Material for ICSE Board's Biology Examination
I am providing here quick revision material for ICSE Board's examination preparing students. If the student is thorough with this material, the student will find it easy to answer both section I as well as section II questions with utmost perfection. I am a Biology teacher teaching Biology in a reputed school for more than 20 years.
1. Important days to remember:
World Population Day: July 11th
World Health Day: April 7th
World Environment Day: June 5th
World AIDS Day: December 1st
International Ozone Day: September 16th
World Red Cross Day: May 8th
2. Gestation period: 280 days
Life span of RBC or Erythrocytes: 120 days
Life span of WBC or Leukocytes: 14 days
Life span of platelets or Thrombocytes: 3-5 days
Total spinal nerves in human body: 31 pairs
Total number of vertebrae in human body: 33
Number of muscles which attach eye ball to eye sockets: 3 pairs or 6 extrinsic muscles or rectris muscles
Menstrual cycle: 28 days
3. Diseases caused by:
Bacteria: Cholera, Tetanus, Leprosy, Tuberculosis, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Diphtheria, Pneumonia
Viruses: Common cold, Influenza, Mumps, Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Small Pox, Measles, Yellow fever, AIDS
Fungi: Ring worm, Athlet's Foot
Protozoa: Malaria, Amoebic dysentry, Sleeping sickness
Deficiency diseases: Marasmus, Kwashiorkar, Xerophthalmia, Anaemia
4. Disinfectants: Cresol, Phenol, 40%Lysol, Formalin, Lime, Bordeaux mixture, DDT
Antiseptics: Carbolic acid, Iodine, Benzoic acid, Mercurochrome, Boric acid
Antibiotics: Penicillin, Streptomycin, Terramycin, Erythromycin, Ampicillin
5. Abbreviations
ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate (Cellular currency)
ADP: Adenosine diphosphate
NADP: Nicotinamide Adenosine dinucleotide phosphate
RUBP: Ribulose bisphosphate (CO2 acceptor in Dark reaction of Photosynthesis)
CFC's: Chlorofuorocarbons (causes bone holes)
GH: Growth hormone
FSH: Follicle stimulating hormone
ADH: Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin
TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone
LH: Lutenizing hormone
DDT: Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane
AIDS: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Disease
HIV: Human Immuno Virus
IUDC: Intrauterine devices
MTP: Medical termination of pregnancy
BOD: Biological Oxygen Demand
CNG: Compressed Natural Gas
WHO: World Health Organization
GHIH: Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
DTP: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping cough)
BCG: Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin
Endocrine Glands
1.
Glands are of two types- Exocrine glands
and Endocrine glands.
.Exocrine
glands are duct (having tube) glands- secrete enzymes.
.Endocrine
glands are ductless (tube lacking) glands secrete enzymes.
2.
Hormones are
chemical messengers which are produced at one part of our body and have
influence at some other parts (target organs) of our body.
Characteristics of hormones:
1.
Hormones are always poured or secreted into
blood by endocrine glands.
2.
Hormones always act away from the source of
their secretion.
3.
Hormones are produced in trace quantity but they have wide influence all over our body.
4.
Same hormone produced in different species
will have the same influence.
5.
Hormones cannot be stored in our body but will be excreted after their action.
6.
Hormones regulate physiological process by
chemical means.
7.
Chemically hormones are peptides (insulin),
amine (adrenaline), steroids (testosterone).
8.
Secretion of a hormone less (hypo/under
secretion) or more (hyper/over secretion) leads to some defects in the body.
1.
THYROID GLAND:
Location:
A butterfly shaped gland present below larynx and above
trachea. The two wings of thyroid gland are connected by a bridge like region
called isthmus.
Hormones
secreted: Thyroxine and Calcitonin
Principal
activities of Thyroxine hormone:-
1. Regulate
basal metabolism ( Cellular oxidation resulting in heat production).
2. It
influences general growth of the body, ossification of bones, mental
development and body heat content.
Hypo secretion or under
secretion (Hypothyroidism) of this hormone leads to three defects.
a.
Simple Goiter: Thyroid gland present
below the neck region become swollen.
Symptom: Abnormal
swelling of thyroid gland present below the neck region.
Reason: Lack of iodine
in diet. Iodine helps in the synthesis of thyroxine hormone by thyroid gland.
People live in hilly
plains most commonly suffer from this defect due to iodine gets leached away
from the sloppy soils. Hence the food produced from these crops lack iodine
mineral.
b.
Cretinism: It is a defect caused in child
or at infancy.
Symptoms: Dwarfism, Mental
retardation.
c.
Myxoedema: disease caused in old people. Person become
sluggish. Swelling can be Iseen in face and hands.
Over secretion /Hyper
secretion (Hyperthyroidism) leads to Exophthalmic Goiter.
Symptoms: 1. Eyes
protrude out.
2.
Metabolic and heart beat rate increases.
3.
Shortness of breath
4.
Goiter in the neck.
2.PANCREAS:
This gland acts as both
exocrine and endocrine gland. Pancreas is present below the stomach
region. Pancreas as an exocrine gland it secret enzymes and as an endocrine
gland secrete hormones. Patches of endocrine cells present in pancreas together
known as Islets of Langerhans.
a.
Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans secret Insulin.
Principal activities of
Insulin hormone:
1.
Insulin promotes proper utilization of
glucose by our body cells.
2.
Insulin converts excess glucose present
in blood to glycogen and store it in liver.
b.
Alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans secret Glucagon.
Glucagon converts
glycogen present in liver to glucose and put into blood circulation.
c.
Delta cells of Islets of Langerhans
secrete Somatostatin. This hormone control secretions of both insulin and
glucagon hormones.
